d. Muhammad Abduh (1849 – 1905 AD)
His complete name is Muhammad Abduh Hasan Khairullah. He was birthed in Mahallat Nasr, Shubra Khit, al-Bahirah Egypt in 1849 AD. He is still a descendant of Umar container Khatab from his mother’s line. Abduh examined religious beliefs with Sheikh Ahmad in 1862. After that, he remained to Al-Azhar College Cairo in 1866. After finishing his studies, he taught at Al-Azhar. The top of his profession, he became the first mufti in Egypt on 3 Muhammad Abduh June 1899. Muhammad Abduh passed away on 11 July 1905.
On the other hand, Muhammad Abduh’s essence is as complies with.
1) In the area of education and learning, specifically: offering to be performed throughout self-controls, specifically in between the madrasa and institution curriculum. Thus getting rid of the dichotomy in between scholars and modern scientists; developing universities, specifically developing federal government additional institutions in various areas, for instance: management, military, health and wellness, industry, and so forth. After that, he undertook the development of curriculum for elementary, additional, vocational, and college institutions in Al-Azhar. Additionally, he performed reforms in Islamic education and learning, specifically: integrating mathematics, geometry, algebra, location, background, and khat topics right into non-formal education; produce an unique pharmacy for trainees of al-Azhar University; provide unique funds for instructor incomes drawn from the specify treasury and specify waqf; integrate courses in viewpoint, reasoning, and modern scientific research right into the curriculum of al-Azhar University;
2) The door of ijtihad is still wide open up for Muslims. Ijtihad is an important basis for reinterpreting Islamic teachings;
3) Islam is a logical teaching that’s according to factor.
With factor, after that scientific research becomes advanced;
4) Specify power must be limited by the constitution made by the nation worried.
Amongst Muhammad Abduh’s works are Tafsir al-Manar (the writing of guide was finished by his trainee, specifically Rashid Rida), Treatise of monotheism, SyarhNahjilBalaghah, Ishlahu al-Mahakim al-Syar’iyyah and Al-Islam ar al-Radd ‘ala Muntaqidihi.
e. Rashid Rida (1865 – 1935 AD)
His complete name is Muhammad Rashid container Ali Rida container Syamsudi container Baha’uddin al-Qalmuni al-Husaini. His popular name is Rashid Rida. He was birthed in Qalamun, which isn’t much from the Lebanese City of Tripoli on September 23, 1865 AD. Rida is a persistent child. During that time, children his age were engrossed in having fun, he actually invested his time reading publications. After finishing his education and learning at Qalamun, he continued his studies at Madrasah al-Wathaniyah al-Islamiyah (Islamic Nationwide Institution) in Tripoli. The history of the reforms performed by Rida was the demands of the moments which required that RasyidRida make changes. It lived from the late 19th to the second 3rd of the 20th century. During that time the problem of the Muslims remained in an extremely bad position, a problem in various areas. In his thinking, he was affected by the ideas of Jamaludin al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh.
After Jamaludin al-Afhani passed away, he was excited to satisfy Muhammad Abduh to gain from him and to know his views on Islamic reform. After that, in 1897, he met Muhammad Abduh. With Abduh’s authorization, he released the publication “al-Manar”. The purpose of this magazine is to become a mouthpiece for the Islamic reform movement in progressing Muslims and releasing them from the shackles of the colonialists.
The bottom lines of Rashid Rida’s ideas are as complies with:
1) The decrease of Muslims in various aspects of life is because of Muslims that avert from Islamic teachings, therefore Muslims in overtaking Europeans on one problem, specifically to go back to the real teachings of Islam taught by the Prophet Muhammad. and exercised by the companions;
2) Another reason for the decrease of Muslims is the spread out of fatalism in the Islamic globe. On the various other hand, the teachings of Islam actually motivate its fans to be dynamic;
3) Modern scientific research isn’t versus Islam. Therefore, it’s appropriate that Muslims that yearn for progress, must prepare to study modern sciences. In truth, examining modern scientific research actually takes back the knowledge that Muslims once had;
4) The laws of qih associating with culture should not be considered outright. The laws were set inning accordance with the circumstances of the place and time where they were passed. Therefore, he suggests ijtihad. Inning accordance with him, ijtihad is the initial funding for the extension of Islamic legislation which fulfills all the needs of reform;
5) If Muslims want to progress, after that Muslims must first recognize unity and integrity;
Amongst Rashid Rida’s works are Tarikh al-Ustadz al-Imam al-Syekh Muhammad Abduh (Biogra of Imam Muhammad Abduh), Nida’ li jins al-latif (phone telephone calls to women), Al-Wahyu Muhammad (Revelations of the Prophet Muhammad), Yusr al -Islam waushul al-Tasyri’ al ‘am (Ease of Islam and basic concepts in the Shari’a), and Huquq al-Mar’ah al-Salihah (The Rights of Muslim Women)
f. Sultan Mahmud II (1785 – 1839 AD)
Sultan Muhammad II was birthed in 1785 and passed away in 1839. His academic history is Islam, federal government, background, Arabic literary works, Turkish literary works, Persian literary works.
He was appointed Sultan at a young age, specifically 22 years. In his regime, Turkey is obtaining more powerful. When it comes to the initiatives made by Sultan Mahmud II, consisting of:
1) perform reforms in the area of Sultan Mahmud II education and learning by integrating a basic knowledge curriculum in madrasah academic institutions;
2) develop the MektebiMa’arif institution, to produce experts in the area of management. Additionally, he built the MektebiUlumiEdebiyet institution, to provide translation experts;
3) develop institutions in the areas of medication, military, and engineering;
4) implementing freedom in their government;
5) abolish the cult of the sultan that is considered spiritual by his individuals.
g. Namik Kemal (1840 – 1888)
Namik Kemal was birthed in 1840 and passed away in 1888. Kemal was birthed right into an upscale family, so his moms and dads provided education and learning at his home. He examined Arabic, Persian, and French. At a young age, he was currently a worker at the Translation Workplace, after that transferred to become a worker at the royal royal residence. Versus Western ideas, he didn’t take it totally, but precisely, took what was according to Islamic teachings. Because ideas from the West don’t always suit the needs of Eastern culture. The ideas of Namik Kemal are as complies with:
1) Islam instructs maslahah al-ammah (benefits for the public). The caliph (leader) must not act and act as opposed to this;
2) Theheadof specify in prominent may not violate the Shari’a. Shari’ah is a constitution that must be followed by theheadof state;
3) The financial and political problems of the Footrest Caliphate (during that time) skilled problems. Inning accordance with him, the service to this problem is to change the system of federal government from outright to constitutional;
4) Autonomous federal government doesn’t contravene Islamic teachings. Because, when the federal government of Khulafau al-Rasyidin used an autonomous design, specifically using the bai’at system, it was a type of people’s sovereignty.
Wallohu’alam.
